Reproducing copyrighted materials for personal use
You can re-use copyrighted content if it is for one of the following purposes:
- your own private study or non-commercial research
- criticism, review and quotation, for example in an essay, dissertation or thesis to support your argument or point
- answering an examination question
Safe copying limits
There is no defined amount on how much you are allowed to copy - the law simply says 'non-substantial' and 'fair', but this is not defined. Half of a book would be substantial, one chapter would not. A small selection of text may count as substantial if, for example, it gave away key plot points in a novel.
A general rule of thumb is:
- 5% or one chapter of a book, whichever is the greater.
- 5% or one whole article from a journal, whichever is the greater.
- 5% or one whole paper from a set of conference proceedings or published report of judicial proceedings, whichever is the greater.
- 5% of an anthology of short stories or poems; or one short story or one poem of no more than 10 pages, whichever is the greater.
- Short extracts of 400 words or less may be quoted or copied, but longer extracts will require the permission of the copyright holder.
Do not share copies
- by email
- on social media through an online network
- by making multiple photocopies, even for a friend or colleague
Provide sufficient acknowledgement
- You need to acknowledge the source of any copies you have made.
For more information please read the section How can I copy third-party material legally? of this guide.